Cloning is a process of creating an exact copy of an existing object in the memory. In java, clone() method of java.lang.Object class is used for cloning process. This method creates an exact copy of an object on which it is called through field-by-field assignment and returns the reference of that object. Not all the objects in java are eligible for cloning process. The objects which implement Cloneable interface are only eligible for cloning process. Cloneable interface is a marker interface which is used to provide the marker to cloning process. Click here to see more info on clone() method in java.

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C/C++ provides various data types that can be used in your programs.In general, you’d commonly use: int for most variables and “countable” things (for loop counts, variables, events). char for characters and strings. float for general measurable things (seconds, distance, temperature). uint32 for bit manipulations, especially on 32-bit registers.

The sizeof for a struct is not always equal to the sum of sizeof of each individual member. This is because of the padding added by the compiler to avoid alignment issues. Padding is only added when a structure member is followed by a member with a larger size or at the end of the structure.

A typedef is a C keyword that defines a new name for a data type, including internal data types (int, char, etc.) and custom data types (struct, etc.). A typedef is itself a type of stored class keyword that cannot appear in the same expression as the keywords auto, extern, static, register, etc.

Conditional compilation is static compilation of code based on the actual definition of macros (some kind of condition). Compilation conditions can be determined based on the value of an expression or whether a particular macro is defined. C language conditional compilation related precompilation instructions, including #define, #undef, #ifdef, #ifndef, #if, #elif, #else, #endif, defined.

Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly, procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. Python is often described as a “batteries included” language due to its comprehensive standard library.

Performance optimization methods and ideas for large C projects. Performance optimization strategies for x86 projects that encounter performance bottlenecks when porting to low performance processors.